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Section.2
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1991-08-26
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Personal Pronouns (Nominative Case)
When a pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence, it is in the Nominative Case. The Nominative Case pronouns for German are:
Singular
1st Person ich = I
2nd Person du = you (familiar)
Sie = you (formal)
3rd Person er = he
sie = she
es = it
Plural
1st Person wir = we
2nd Person ihr = you (familiar)
Sie = you (formal)
3rd Person sie = they
• 'Ich' is capitalized only when it begins a sentence.
• 'du' and 'ihr' are used when addressing friends and
children.
• 'Sie' is used when addressing adults who are not close
friends.
Verbs (Present Tense)
German verbs have two parts: a stem and an ending. The endings of infinitives are either -en or -n.
For example: to surf = surfen = surf + en
to be = sein = sei + n
To conjugate verbs in the present tense, add the following endings to the verb's stem:
ich - e wir - en
du - st ihr - t
er, sie, es - t Sie, sie - en
For example: to surf = surfen
ich - surfe wir - surfen
du - surfst ihr - surft
er, sie, es - surft Sie, sie - surfen
• The 'Sie' (you formal) and 'sie' (they) are usually grouped
together since these conjucations are always the same.
• There are many irregular verbs that don't follow this
simple rule; they must be memorized.
For example: to be = sein
ich - bin wir - sind
du - bist ihr - seid
er, sie, es - ist Sie, sie - sind